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Tag Archives: Citrix Essentials

Let the Reader Beware

November 18, 2009 5:40 pm ⋅ Leave a Comment ⋅

The TechTarget family of blog sites has a lot of great information. That’s why we have several of their sites linked in our Blogroll (under “Virtualization” in the right sidebar). But one thing that I don’t like about their sites is that - unlike this blog - there is no way to directly comment on their posts. That makes it difficult to respond to posts like the one last week on VMware’s High Availability (VMHA).

In that post, author David Davis opens by stating:

VMware’s High Availability (VMHA) provides high availability to any guest operating system at a potentially much lower cost than other HA options (as you don’t have to pay per virtual machines [VMs] or per server; VMHA is included in the price of vSphere).

I have a couple of problems with this statement.

First, I don’t know what “a potentially much lower cost” means. Is it less expensive than other HA options, or isn’t it? If it is, which other HA options are you comparing it to? If you’re going to throw that line out there, shouldn’t you give us the data on which the statement is based?

Second, it appears that the “lower cost” claim is primarily based on the fact that VMHA is included in the price of vSphere, rather than requiring a separate license. That’s a little like claiming that the high-end German sound system is less expensive if you get it in a Mercedes - because it’s standard equipment - whereas if you want one in your Malibu you have to buy it separately. What matters is the total amount of money I have to spend to get all the functionality I need, isn’t it?

It is true that with, say, Citrix XenServer, you have to purchase a Citrix Essentials for XenServer license to get HA functionality. That will cost you, at the suggested retail price (which nobody actually pays), $2,500 per XenServer for the Enterprise Edition. But the copy of XenServer you’re putting it on is free. On the other hand, vSphere 4 lists for $2,875 per processor, so if I’m using dual-processor servers, I’m looking at $5,750 for vSphere 4 compared to $2,500 for that copy of Essentials for XenServer. If I’m using quad-processor servers, vSphere 4 is going to run $11,500, but I still only need that single license for Essentials. And don’t forget the cost of VirtualCenter to control my vSphere environment, whereas XenCenter is, again, free, and runs on a workstation rather than requiring a dedicated server.

The point of this post is not to argue the relative merits of vSphere vs. XenServer, nor of whose HA feature is better. In fact, if you follow this blog, you’ll know that we’ve raised some red flags regarding how to properly deploy XenServer HA without risking potentially “career-altering” disasters. The point is simply that the old adage “don’t believe everything you read” is particularly appropriate for stuff you read on the Internet. (But you already knew that, right?)

People who throw out unsubstantiated generalized statements need to be challenged. If the TechTarget site allowed comments, I would have challenged the statement there. Since they don’t, I’m challenging it here. If I’m missing something, David Davis (or anyone else, for that matter) is welcome to comment on this post and point out what it is.

Posted in: Citrix, High Availability, Virtualization, VMware ⋅ Tagged: , , , , ,

Customizing XenServer’s HA Pool Timeout Settings

November 12, 2009 12:19 am ⋅ 1 Comment ⋅

Recently I wrote a post about the hazards of XenServer HA and how to avoid a couple of different pitfalls which lead to XenServer fencing. In that post I talked about the necessity of correctly setting the HA heartbeat timeout for your environment so that your XenServers will allow enough time for a storage failover to occur. The idea, of course, is to prevent your XenServer from going into a “fence” condition which can occur for many reasons. The reason we’re discussing here is triggered when the XenServer believes its storage has suddenly become unavailable and it is not able to recover its state quickly enough to prevent the HA timeout from fencing the server.

I frequently build environments that use a pair of replicated DataCore SANmelody nodes (two physical nodes) and configure my XenServer in a multipath configuration. With this configuration my XenServers see two active paths to their storage (the status of the multipath is shown in the image below) - one path to each of the two nodes. If, for example, one of the SANmelody nodes goes off line, the other node will immediately take over. However, the XenServers have to be given enough time to fully recognize a failover has occurred, and the storage is still available, in order to avoid a fence. The default HA timeout in XenServer is 30 seconds which means if it takes a XenServer more than 30 seconds to realize the storage is still healthy and available then the server will fence. If the storage was indeed still available, then more than likely there were still VM guests up and running on the XenServer, which have now been taken offline unnecessarily.

To test and tune this setting I first make sure HA is enabled on the pool, then I perform hard failover tests where, using a DRAC or iLO card if I have one, I suddenly power cycle one of the storage servers and watch to see if any XenServers fence. I run this hard power cycle test because this specific problem never comes up with simple storage stops and restarts; rather it only shows up when a storage server actually goes down suddenly, or “hard,” as we say. So I run these tests because I want to stress the system to simulate unfortunate things like power failures, sudden server reboots due to gremlins, and other things along those lines. If nothing happens then great - let’s go home and we can sleep well knowing HA is working correctly. But what if you do have one or more servers which do fence because they believe their storage is gone when in fact it is not?

The last time I had this happen to me I had to test my environment several times, and with each successive run through the hard failover test I used a different timeout setting. In the end I found that 120 seconds worked best for me. (Keep in mind I am doing this during a build and there are no live production workloads running on any of these servers.)

So what is the downside of setting your timeout this high? Well, if a XenServer really fails (for whatever reason) it will take about 120 seconds for the Pool to decide there is a problem and then take action to restart the VMs elsewhere based upon available resources and the restart priority of each VM. Personally, I’d rather wait the 120 seconds when something has really gone wrong than suffer an unnecessary fence/shutdown when all the VMs were actually still running fine.

So how did I set the timeout values? Like this:

Rather than enable HA from the GUI you’re going to have to do it from a command line. I use PuTTY when I’m not actually at the XenServer console. The command you will use is xe pool-ha-enable heartbeat-sr-uuids=your uuid goes here ha-config:timeout=however many seconds you want.

But in that command string, how do you know what the sr-uuid is? The way I find it is to start with XenCenter and locate the SR (storage repository) which is going to be used for the heartbeat status disk. I locate the SCSI ID of that SR and copy the number as shown in this image (click picture to view full-size):

Finding the SCSI ID of a Storage Repository

Finding the SCSI ID of a Storage Repository


After I have that number I next connect to the master XenServer using PuTTY (the master XenServer in a pool is always the top server shown in XenCenter) and run this command xe pbd-list device-config=SCSIid: 360030d903131325f48415f4865617274 where the number in RED is the ID just copied from Xencenter:
Finding the sr-uuid

Finding the sr-uuid


What is shown above is what the output should look like. The reason you see three sequences in this example is because there are three hosts in this pool, notice the host-uuids are all different. However also notice the sr-uuid value is the same in each grouping and this is the number we are after. Take the sr-uuid you just found and enter it into a command like this: xe pool-ha-enable heartbeat-sr-uuids=7a213624-1209-c467-42ed-6ef72a1b7699 ha-config:timeout=120

It may take a bit of time for the command to actually complete but once it does you should be able to refresh your Xencenter by using either the xe-toolstack-restart or the service xapi restart command and then when you look at the pool level on the HA tab you should see that HA is now turned on:

Verify that HA is now turned on

Verify that HA is now turned on


As I said previously I found 120 seconds worked best for me - but how did I determine that? Simple: I started by setting the HA timeout to 60 seconds (twice the default) and then ran the hard shutdown test again. One of the XenServers still fenced so I went to 90 seconds, and then finally 120 seconds. The point at which the XenServers do not fence is where you want to stop. But don’t just do this test on one side of the storage! You will want to recover your storage servers and once everything is back online and healthy run the same test again - but this time hard-shutdown the other storage node. Now if none of the XenServers fence then you are done…unless you disable and re-enable HA. As I pointed out in that earlier post, this manual timeout setting is not persistent - if you disable and re-enable HA on the pool, you will have to re-enable it from the command line again to insure that the timeout is set correctly. If it’s done from the GUI, it will revert to the 30-second default.

Posted in: Citrix, High Availability, Troubleshooting and How-Tos, Virtualization, XenServer ⋅ Tagged: , , , , ,

How to Ruin Your Weekend and Other Hazards of Mis-Configured HA

October 28, 2009 9:52 am ⋅ 18 Comments ⋅

NOTE: This was originally posted in October, 2009, and may not be a problem any more with current versions of XenServer, as some of the more recent comments would tend to verify - but we will keep the post active for historical purposes. (added by blog administrator, March 16, 2012)

The Level 1 HA (High Availability) feature that comes with Citrix Essentials for XenServer may be one of the best ways to crash your whole virtual infrastructure if you don’t understand how it works and don’t design in an appropriate level of redundancy. This of course will lead to hours of down time, unhappy management, possible data loss, and lots of extra work for you (most likely on a weekend).

The basics -
HA is designed to monitor the XenServer virtualization environment. When HA is enabled, the administrator can specify which virtual machines (VMs) need to be automatically restarted if the host server they’re running on should fail. If there is a failure of a host server, HA should then automatically restart its designated guest VMs on another host in the XenServer “resource pool.” Note that the HA function does not “live migrate” the guest VMs, because when a host fails the VMs on that host also fail. Rather, it selects another host server and restarts the VMs on that host. For all of this to happen correctly, Citrix’s HA requires two things to be true at all times:

  1. Each XenServer must be able to communicate with its peers in the pool.
  2. Each XenServer in the pool requires access at all times to the HA heartbeat disk, which is shared by all the XenServers in the pool.

If either of these two items is not true for any given XenServer in the pool, that server will “fence.” The short definition of “fencing” is that the XenServer suspects – although it’s not absolutely sure – that it is experiencing some kind of failure, so to protect against possible data corruption it shuts itself down – essentially sacrificing itself to protect the data – until a human comes along and sorts things out. If the fenced server is in a correctly configured HA pool, guest VMs that were configured for HA restart will be restarted on a surviving XenServer.

Considerations -
So… you have two XenServers all set up and all your VMs configured just the way you like them, and you decide to turn on HA. Everything appears to be working until one of the hosts suffers a failure and goes off line. (Murphy’s Law says this will happen on a Saturday evening right before your BBQ party is starting.) With HA enabled, you would expect, based on the whole “High Availability” concept, that everything would be OK. Critical VMs should get restarted on the other host and you should be able to deal with the failed host on Monday.

Oh, but wait, remember HA rule #1? The XenServer host that is still running suddenly does not have any peers to talk to. It no longer knows whether or not it’s healthy so, in the interest of protecting your data from corruption, it does what it’s designed to do – it fences, and now both of your XenServers are down. They may try to reboot, but you are now in an endless loop of fencing, and to get it resolved, you’re going to have to know how to use the “xe host-emergency-ha-disable force=true” command to resolve your problems. (And if you don’t understand that last sentence, you’re in for a long weekend.)

This results in a situation that we in IT refer to as “not good,” with a chance of “career altering,” and you’re going to miss your BBQ party.

Here’s another scenario that will spoil your party: What if both XenServers are actually healthy, and all the virtual servers are up and functioning, but the network link for the management communications between the XenServers fails? Again, each XenServer would think it was stranded from the pool and fence itself in an attempt to correct the issue. With both servers fencing, this would again create an endless loop of server fencing. In essence, one server would start to come back online and would still not see the other XenServer and would fence again, and so on, and so on.

So for those reasons a two-XenServer pool cannot successfully run HA! Just don’t do it - even though you can configure HA on a two-server pool the result can be disastrous and ruin your weekend…not to mention your next performance review.

Well, what about HA in a three node XenServer pool? Based upon the previously described scenarios, you now have a valid “pool,” in which HA will function. So you configure and enable HA, and when you test the HA functionality by killing one of the XenServers, everything works like it is supposed to. The guest VMs are restarted on the surviving XenServer hosts and you’re happy that everything is working correctly.

But here is another “gotcha!” If you have only one Ethernet interface per XenServer assigned to management, and they’re all plugged into one switch, what happens if the management link fails because a NIC fails – or even worse, the switch fails? If it’s just a NIC in one server, then that XenServer will fence – not too bad but still not what you want. If you were using a different set of NICs (as you always should) for the guest VMs to communicate with the rest of the world, then the guests on that server were probably up and working just fine until the server fenced. Sure, the critical ones will restart on the remaining servers, but you’ve lost a third of the resources in your pool unnecessarily.

Now let’s consider what would happen if the switch should fail and you had only single management ports on each XenServer all plugged into just that one switch. If this happens, it may be time to dust off the old resume, because you have just lost your entire XenServer pool. Why? Because when the switch went down, all the XenServers lost communication with one another, and each assumed that, because it was suddenly isolated from the pool, it must be experiencing some kind of failure. Therefore the whole pool fenced.

Conclusions -
Citrix’s HA does not work in a two host pool, period. With a pool of three or more XenServers you’ll be OK if you design the infrastructure correctly so that there is no single point of failure in your peer communications. How? Simply by bonding together two NICs, dedicating them to the management communication function, and then splitting the bonded pairs between two separate Ethernet switches. That way you’re protected against both a NIC failure and a switch failure.

But you’re not out of the woods yet! Don’t forget HA rule #2 – servers need to see the HA heartbeat disk. This is equally important, and you must consider the topology of that side of the network (iSCSI, Fiber, etc.) and be sure it is also redundant. And if you’re using iSCSI multi-pathing (e.g., with a pair of mirrored DataCore iSCSI SAN nodes), be sure to manually bump up the HA timeout interval so that if one of the SAN nodes should fail, the multi-pathing function has time to fail over to the other node before the XenServers all conclude that the HA heartbeat disk is gone – otherwise, again, they will all fence. Our testing indicates that a two minute timeout appears to have an adequate margin of safety. The default setting of one minute (oops - the default is actually 30 seconds) is definitely too short. Unfortunately, this setting does not appear to be persistent, so if you turn HA off and then back on, you’ll need to manually reset the timeout interval again. (This is probably a job for Workflow Studio, but we just haven’t had time to work through the process yet.)

NO Single Points of Failure
HA will do a fine job of protecting you, if you build the network correctly. So make sure you’ve built in enough redundancy that you have no single point of failure, and enjoy your BBQ.

P.S.: If you can’t justify more than two XenServers, but you still have one or more critical guests that need to be highly available, there is a solution: Marathon Technologies’ everRun VM. But that’s another post for another day.

Posted in: Citrix, High Availability, Virtualization, XenServer ⋅ Tagged: , , , , ,

Time To Switch Virtualization Platforms?

October 19, 2009 2:54 pm ⋅ Leave a Comment ⋅

Have you been considering moving from VMware ESX or vSphere to either Citrix® XenServer™ or Microsoft® Windows® Server 2008 Hyper-V™ - but been concerned about exactly how to go about it? Knowing what tools to use to make the migration go smoothly is often a major concern. Also, what kind of support can you get during the transition? And structured training on a new platform is not inexpensive, either. Now Citrix is trying to eliminate these obstacles with a new promotion that runs through March 31, 2010.

On October, 14, 2009, Citrix announced a new program called Project “Open Door”. Customers who switch existing VMware servers to XenServer or Hyper-V, and add Citrix Essentials™ for advanced virtualization management, will receive additional technical support, training, and conversion tools from Citrix at no additional cost.

The Project Open Door promotion will be effective worldwide from October 1 – March 31, 2010. Customers who decommission five or more VMware vSphere 4 or VI3 servers and replace them with XenServer or Hyper-V plus the Citrix Essentials solution, receive the following:

  • A free five incident support pack (5 by 8 hours) for every five servers converted
  • A voucher for six hours of online training for every five servers converted
  • Free migration tools for seamlessly transferring virtual machines from VMware to XenServer or Hyper-V

Check out http://www.citrix.com/opendoor for more information on the program. If you’re seriously considering making the switch, this just might be the time to do it.

Posted in: Citrix, Virtualization ⋅ Tagged: , , , , , ,